Sharing the value‐at‐risk under distributional ambiguity

This paper considers the problem of risk sharing, where a coalition of homogeneous agents, each bearing a random cost, aggregates their costs, and shares the value‐at‐risk of such a risky position. Due to limited distributional information in practice, the joint distribution of agents' random costs is difficult to acquire. The coalition, being aware of the distributional ambiguity, thus evaluates the worst‐case value‐at‐risk within a commonly agreed ambiguity set of the possible joint distributions. Through the lens of cooperative game theory, we show that this coalitional worst‐case value‐at‐risk is subadditive for the popular ambiguity sets in the distributionally robust optimization literature that are based on (i) convex moments or (ii) Wasserstein distance to some reference distributions. In addition, we propose easy‐to‐compute core allocation schemes to share the worst‐case value‐at‐risk. Our results can be readily extended to sharing the worst‐case conditional value‐at‐risk under distributional ambiguity.     

Consumption smoothing,risk sharing and financial integration

Theories indicate that financial integration should allow economies to better share risk and thus improve consumption smoothing. We construct two widely used price‐based measures of financial integration (i.e., the standard correlation and the adjusted R‐squared) and test whether consumption volatility declines as international equity markets become more integrated. Pooled and panel estimates for three different groups of countries (i.e., G7, G20 and EU) provide no significant evidence of improved consumption smoothing as financial integration rises. This evidence is supported by a battery of robustness checks and holds over time. Taken together, our results suggest that convergence in international equity prices does not necessarily represent the channel through which risk‐sharing opportunities arise or consumption smoothing improves.     

Do Managers of U.S. Defined Benefit Pension Plan Sponsors Use Regulatory Freedom Strategically?

We use historical particularities of pension funding law to investigate whether managers of U.S. corporate defined benefit pension plan sponsors strategically use regulatory freedom to lower the reported value of pension liabilities, and hence required cash contributions. For some years, pension plans were required to estimate two liabilities—one with mandated discount rates and mortality assumptions, and another where these could be chosen freely. Using a sample of 11,963 plans, we find that the regulated liability exceeds the unregulated measure by 10% and the difference further increases for underfunded pension plans. Underfunded plans tend to assume substantially higher discount rates and lower life expectancy. The effect persists both in the cross‐section of plans and over time and it serves to reduce cash contributions. We further show that plan sponsor managers use the freed‐up cash for corporate investment and that credit risk is unlikely to explain the finding.     

Drivers and barriers of peer-to-peer accommodation stay – an exploratory study with American and Finnish travellers

The explosive growth of peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation service presents a potential transformation in the competitive landscape of accommodation sector. This research explores the market characteristics and the factors that drive and hinder the use of P2P accommodation to better explain the phenomenon of collaborative consumption in the tourism and hospitality marketplace. Using responses from travellers residing in the United States and Finland, exploratory factor analyses revealed two factors that drive the use of P2P accommodation: social appeal (desire for community and sustainability) and economic appeal (cost savings). The barriers include issues of trust, efficacy and familiarity with the system, and cost. The empirical evidence from this study suggests several managerial implications for tourism and hospitality businesses and directions for future research.     

产业技术创新联盟信息共享决策研究——基于区块链技术的应用

将区块链技术应用于产业技术创新联盟信息共享领域,可解决联盟信息共享安全问题,提高联盟主体信息共享意愿,加深信息共享程度,进而提升联盟信息共享效率。使用演化博弈方法,构建产业技术创新联盟企业和学研两方的信息共享博弈模型,并通过Matlab仿真对影响双方信息共享决策的政府与区块奖励、惩罚力度、边际成本、风险系数5项因素的影响结果与演化逻辑进行具体分析。结果表明,与传统产业技术创新联盟信息共享过程相比,区块链技术的应用对其共享过程中的各项因素的关键参数值产生了较大影响,更容易推动双方实现均共享的理想均衡状态,但各因素的影响程度不同。有条件的联盟应致力于区块链技术与联盟信息共享网络的融合工作,根据实际情况制定合适的因素组合协同策略,促进联盟的可持续高速发展。     

责任导向会促进年长员工知识分享吗？基于主动动机模型

全球劳动力老化的严峻形势下,探索年长员工知识分享的实现机制,对于充分开发老年人力资本、促进企业可持续发展具有重要意义。以主动动机模型为基础,探讨了责任导向对年长员工知识分享行为的作用机制与边界条件。通过线性回归和蒙特卡洛拔靴法对200份40岁以上在职员工三时点配对数据进行分析,结果表明：责任导向会通过提升年长员工的建设性责任知觉进而激发其知识分享;反年龄歧视氛围感知对这一作用过程具有权变影响。文章丰富了年长员工知识分享行为的前因研究,对企业如何积极应对职场老龄化与年长员工知识传承具有启示意义。     

企业运用知识管理的评价模型及对策分析

随着知识经济时代的来临,知识管理在现代企业中的运用越来越重要,根据国内部分企业实际运用知识管理的情况,在获取调查数据的基础上建立知识管理的评价模型,对国内企业运用知识管理现状进行评价,通过知识管理的实施给企业带来社会效益和经济效益。     

山区高速公路施工成本控制——优化大临工程及设计方案节约施工成本

本文以承秦高速三标为背景,通过优化施工便道、临时电力、弃土场、拌和站、梁场等大临工程施工方案,优化隧道、桥梁设计方案,有效降低了施工成本,取得了较好的经济效益,对山区高速公路施工成本管理有一定的借鉴意义。     

Does risk sharing increase with risk aversion and risk when commitment is limited?

I consider a risk-sharing game with limited commitment, and study how the discount factor above which perfect risk sharing is self-enforcing in the long run depends on agents׳ risk aversion and the riskiness of their endowment. When agents face no aggregate risk, a mean-preserving spread may destroy the sustainability of perfect risk sharing if each agent׳s endowment may take more than three values. With aggregate risk the same can happen with only two possible endowment realizations. With respect to risk aversion the intuitive comparative statics result holds without aggregate risk, but it holds only under strong assumptions in the presence of aggregate risk. In simple settings with two endowment values I also show that the threshold discount factor co-moves with popular measures of risk sharing.